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Electronic ISSNPrint ISSN
2583-14450970-2385

Abhigyan is the flagship refereed (quarterly) journal of the ‘Foundation for Organisational Research and Education (FORE), New Delhi. ‘Abhigyan’ is a Sanskrit word synonymous with ‘identity’. Abhigyan aims to create its distinct identity by achieving excellence through creating and disseminating knowledge related to business and management practices. View full journal description

Abhigyan follows the guidelines of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).

Volume 41 Issue No 3

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About Abhigyan

Abhigyan is the flagship referred (quarterly) journal of the ‘Foundation for Organisational Research and Education (FORE), New Delhi. ‘Abhigyan’ is a Sanskrit word synonymous with ‘identity’. Abhigyan aims to create its distinct identity by achieving excellence through creating and disseminating knowledge related to business and management practices.

Abhigyan focuses on organisational sustainability and transformation, which directly impact society. It is devoted to disseminating findings from research and empirical work to explore original ideas concerning various aspects of functional areas of Management. The journal has been a platform for academicians, practitioners and researchers to communicate new ideas. Periodically, the best of Abhigyan has been published as anthologies, regarded as significant contributions to the world of knowledge.

Abhigyan invites contributions from academicians, researchers and practitioners from across the globe. Abhigyan brings special issues from time to time, focusing on themes reflecting contemporary aspects and emerging issues of business and management practices to contribute to existing knowledge in business and Management.Abhigyan strives to follow the guidelines of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)

Abhigyan invites contributions from academicians, researchers and practitioners from across the globe. Abhigyan brings special issues from time to time, focusing on themes reflecting contemporary aspects and emerging issues of business and management practices to contribute to existing knowledge in business and Management.Abhigyan strives to follow the guidelines of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)

Turnaround Time (Average):

Desk Review Decision: 15 Days
First Review Response: 30-45 Days
Final Decision: 90-120 Days (depending on the required number of revisions).

Electronic Access:

Abhigyan is available electronically at https://fore-abhigyan.fsm.ac.in/

Honorarium for Contributors:

FORE pays an honorarium of Rs.3000/- for each published manuscript along with a copy of the Journal

Revenue:

Abhigyan is a self-sustaining Journal supported by FORE. The main sources of its revenue are subscriptions and advertisements.

Publisher Details:

Dr. Prakash Gouda for and on behalf of Foundation for Organisational Research and Education (FORE) “Adhitam Kendra”, B-18, Qutub Institutional Area, New Delhi -110016 (India)

Printer Details:

M/s Semaphore Technologies Pvt. Ltd., 3, Gokul Baral Street, Kolkata-700012

For Subscriptions/Submissions of Papers, Contact:

The Chief Editor, Abhigyan
Foundation for Organisational Research and Education
“Adhitam Kendra”, B-18, Qutub Institutional Area, New Delhi-110016 (India)
Phones: 011-41242424 to 33, and 46485500 to 30, Direct 011-46485524
E-mail: abhigyan@fsm.ac.in / ce@fsm.ac.in
Website: http://fore-abhigyan.fsm.ac.in
Subscriber(s)/Reader(s) are advised to visit Abhigyan website for detailed information

Disclaimer Statement
FORE hereby clarifies that the information published in “Abhigyan” Journal does not necessarily reflect the views of FORE or the editor(s) and as such is not an official record. FORE makes no warranties, either express or implied, concerning the accuracy, completeness, reliability, or suitability of the information. Neither does it warrant that use of the information is free of any claims of copyright infringement. Please note that FORE does not claim or guarantee the authenticity of the information, statement, quotations, links to websites, or any contents published in the “Abhigyan” Journal and does not imply any official endorsement or responsibility or guarantee or validity of the opinions, ideas, data, or products, etc. The use of information published in “Abhigyan” Journal is the sole responsibility of the reader/user and at his/her risk. FORE does not hold any responsibility for loss, damage, dishonor, pain, etc., that may occur due to the use of published information in “Abhigyan” Journal. FORE advises readers/users to verify, cross-check and validate the information in all respects before use in any form.

Aims and Scope

The Journal seeks to encourage research and documentation of original practices through the writings it accepts for publications. Original, innovative, scientific, theoretical or applied research texts in the field of business, management, organisational studies and allied disciplines are encouraged. Through publication and dissemination efforts the attempt is to further strengthen the competencies of practitioners, research fraternity and academics who may be interested in deepening and widening the range of their efforts. The Journal pays special emphasis on strengthening organisation and further moving on the path of constructive impact on the society. Some of the sub-areas it lays emphasis on are:

  • human resource & organisational science
  • marketing strategies
  • quantitative techniques and operations management
  • socio-economic, finance & business policies
  • economic and public policy issues
  • information management
  • associated multi-disciplinary areas

Original contributions are accepted for publication after rigorous blind review. Text focusing on application to various organisational functions, systems, case experiences, comparative models, conceptual frameworks, insights and innovations, methodologies, tools and techniques, organisational strategies are particularly welcome.


Publication Frequency: Quarterly

Indexing and Listing

  • ABI/INFORM Collection: ProQuest LLC- Part of Clarivate (Michigan, USA)
  • Cabell's Directory of publishing opportunities in management of Cabell Publishing Inc. (Texas, USA)
  • EBSCO Database (Massachusetts, USA)
  • GALE – Cengage Learning (Farmington Hills, USA)
  • Indian Citation Index, (Delhi, India)
  • i-Scholar and J-Gate, (Bangalore, India)
  • Ulrich's International Periodicals Directory, ProQuest (Michigan, USA)
Chief Editor
Dr Nirmalya Bandyopadhyay
                            

FORE School of Management, New Delhi, India

Dr Sourav Kulkarni
                            

FORE School of Management, New Delhi, India

Dr Rahul Pratap Singh Kaurav
                            

FORE School of Management, New Delhi, India

Prof. Jaideep Prabhu Judge Business School, Cambridge University, UK
Prof. Dogan Gursoy California State University, USA
Prof. Raj Sethuraman Southern Methodist University, USA
Prof. Carolyn Strong Cardiff Business School, UK
Prof. Amitendu Palit NUS, Singapore
Prof. Anabela Carvalho University of Minho, Portugal
Prof. Satish Kumar MNIT Jaipur, India
Dr. Manoj K Dhar University of Jammu, J&K, India
Dr Suresh George Coventry University, Coventry, UK
Prof. Arpan Kar IIT Delhi, India
Prof. S.K Bhardhwaj SRM Univ, India
Prof. Satyabhusan Dash IIM Lucknow, India
Prof. Sudhir Rana Gulf Medical University, UAE
Chief Patron
                            

Dr B.B.L. Madhukar Chairman, FORE, New Delhi, India

Patron
                            

Dr Jitendra K. Das Director General, FORE, New Delhi, India

Tanveer Kaur
                            

Assistant Manager (Publication)
Tel: +91-11-46485524

Editorial Team

Chief Editor (Officiating)
Jitendra K. Das
B.Tech. (IIT-Delhi), M.Tech. (IIT-Delhi), Ph.D. (Toronto)

Founder Dean (Noida Campus), IIM Lucknow;
Director, FORE School of Management, New Delhi;
Ex-Officio Member Secretary, Foundation for
Organisational Research and Education (FORE);
Email ID: ce@fsm.ac.in









Editorial Advisory Board

Ethical Policies

ALLEGATIONS OF MISCONDUCT

Research Misconduct complaints

The editorial team of Abhigyan follows the guidelines provided by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), when dealing with accusations of research misconduct.

Definition of Research Misconduct

Potential research misconduct involves the following:

1) Plagiarism and/or Copyright infringement- Authors should ensure that they are producing original and authentic work. Permission should be sought for use of copyrighted material.Any information, text or data which originates from other sources should be reproduced with proper citation and corresponding reference. All papers will be screened for plagiarism before proceeding further for review.


2) Data Manipulation- This involves misrepresentation or fabrication of research method, procedure, data, and results. Any such conduct is considered as misconduct and warrants appropriate actions.


3) Non-Compliance with laws and Procedures- If the work involves animals or human beings, medications, novel devices, or any chemical substances that could be dangerous in their use, the authors must adhere to local laws and regulations.


4) Duplicate Publications- When submitting a manuscript, the author must ensure that it’snot submitted for publication or already published elsewhere in part or whole. The author must not withdraw the manuscript in between the review process and wait till the final decision of Abhigyan.


5) Improper Authorship- All individuals who have contributed significantly towards the study should be listed as authors and co-authors. Other professional contributions (technical assistance, editing, general support, etc) made by individuals should be acknowledged under the “acknowledgement section”.


Handling Research Misconduct complaints

If the editorial team receives a complaint of potential research misconduct against a paper submitted to or published in the journal, they will launch an investigation. The editorial team will review the complaint for supporting evidence and consequently may request the corresponding author of the paper in question, for justification with relevant proof. If the paper is found eligible for research misconduct, it will be retracted if it has been published and if it’s under the review process, the author will be advised to make the necessary changes. The paper will be rejected in case of no response or if the explanation provided by the author is inadequate. The complainant will be informed of the outcome and thereby the case will be considered over.

The journal management team takes seriously any complaints against its staff, editorial board, publisher and/or peer reviewers. Complaints arising out of potential misconduct like behaviour of editors, staff and/or peer reviewers, confidentiality violations, hidden conflicts of interest, improper use of sensitive information, differences over important choices such as how to handle retractions and comments of concern or administrative misconducts, such as errors in editorial procedures or grievances about unresponsive journal personnel are addressed promptly, objectively and fairly. All complaints are addressed as soon as possible.


Processes

General Complaints

Any complaints or concerns against the Journal’s process, staff, editorial board and/or peer reviewers can be raised by writing to the editorial team or chief editor of Abhigyan at abhigyan@fsm.ac.in and ce@fsm.ac.in respectively.

Complaint against Editorial decisions

The authors may raise a complaint against the editorial decision if they feel they feel that the decision to reject the manuscript was not in compliance with journal policy and procedures. The author may write to the editor of Abhigyan at ce@fsm.ac.in with a thorough response. The Editor will evaluate the submission's peer review procedure. The Editor's decision to reject is final if it was made in accordance with editorial standards.

Post Publication complaints

If the editorial team receives any complaints against a published article, in the form of feedback or critique by the reader or the author of the paper, it is reviewed on grounds of triviality, scientific soundness, supporting claims and libellous or defamatory remarks. The editorial team of Abhigyan peer reviews the critique and author’s response and after due diligence decides to whether accept/reject the critique. If the critique is accepted, steps (correction or retraction) are taken to make amendments to the published paper. The complainant will receive the outcome in writing over email from the editorial team of Abhigyan. The entire process is ensured to be completed as soon as possible or within 30 working days of receiving the complaint. Depending on the nature of the complaint, the availability of the members involved in the process, or any other unforeseen circumstances, the process may take longer.

Handling Appeal

Abhigyan has a transparent process for appeals raised against editorial decisions, post-publication decisions or decisions taken for any complaint raised against its staff, editorial board, publisher and/or peer reviewers.

An appeal can be raised by writing to the editorial team or chief editor of Abhigyan at abhigyan@fsm.ac.in and ce@fsm.ac.in respectively. All appeals will be addressed with an acknowledgement receipt within 7 days of receiving the appeal. Thereafter, an investigation will be carried out by the editorial team, in adherence to COPE guidelines, to evaluate and determine the merits of the appeal fairly and impartially. If required, the editorial team of Abhigyan may get in touch with the parties involved, in order to seek more information.

The result of the appeal will be communicated to the author in writing as quickly as possible or within 2 months of raising the appeal, whichever is earlier. The investigations, however, may take longer depending on the nature of the appeal, the availability of pertinent data and information, whether multiple authors and papers are involved, and whether the author's institution or other external parties may be involved. If new information affecting the underlying decision is discovered before the designated period for comments, the authors may appeal this decision. FORE will take appeals into consideration and may consult with the journal editor, editorial board, and/or outside scientific experts. Retraction and expression of concern appeal decisions are binding.

We sincerely request that anyone voicing a concern or complaint wait until the process is over before making a public statement about the matter in order to ensure that due process is followed and that investigation can continue without bias.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

It is the responsibility of all authors to disclose in the manuscripts any conflicting interest viz. financial or any other interest (e.g. related to research funding, multiple affiliations, financial remuneration for delivering lecture in symposia etc.) with potential to influence the evaluation and/or interpretation of the manuscript. All source of funding/any form of financial support for the research project is imperative to be disclosed.

The editors must report to the publisher any potential conflict of interest due to a possible connection with the author, institutions or topic of research associated with the paper. Such declarations may be published in the journal by the publisher. Further, in case the Chief Editor / Associate Editor submits any paper for publication consideration in the journal, s/he should ensure that s/he is not involved in any step of the review process and in no way connected to the publication decision of the paper of which s/he is the author.

If any conflict of interest is visible due to the relationship of the reviewer(s) with the authors, institutions or topic of research, associated with the paper, the reviewer must report it to the editor and withdraw from reviewing the manuscript.

Peer Review Process:

Abhigyan follows a double-blind peer-review process. The Chief Editor has to ensure that the peer review process is completed in a timely manner and is done fairly without bias of any kind.

All manuscripts are initially screened by the editorial office to ensure suitability on technical grounds. The articles which don’t conform to the prescribed guidelines for submission are returned back to the author for correction and resubmit.

The articles which are otherwise correct on technical grounds enter the review process.

The Chief Editor assigns the papers to the associate editors. The associate editor conduct a desk review of the papers assigned to them and take a decision whether to qualify the paper to be sent to the reviewers for the peer review of the articles. The articles which are adjudged as not worth to send for peer review are desk rejected. The desk cleared articles are sent to two (or in some case more than two) expert reviewers for evaluation.

The reviewers are selected on the basis of the suitability of his/her expertise in the relevant field of research.

In case any of the reviewers disagrees to review the paper / fail to comply to the timeline for completing the review for whatsoever reasons, the associate editor(s) send the paper to the alternate reviewer.

The identity of both author and reviewer is concealed from each other throughout the evaluation process.

Due steps are taken to make editorial changes to the manuscript’s final draft to meet the journal’s requirements.

The editor/associate editor shall review all disclosures of potential conflicts of interest and suggestions for self-citation made by the reviewer to avoid any potential bias.

Abhigyan follows the principles of Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). The following statement delineates the expected ethical behaviors / duties of all the stakeholders involved in the publication process of articles in Abhigyan. The stakeholders include the authors, the reviewers, the editors and the publisher.

Ethical Responsibilities of Authors

Reporting Standard and Data Access / Retention

The study conducted by the author should be presented accurately. A discussion on the significance of the study is expected to be incorporated in the article(s). The discussion on the significance of study should be clear and to be objective in nature.

An accurate representation of the data is imperative for the author. The author should retain the data at least till the publication of the paper. The editors may ask the author to submit the research data for review if/as required.

An article should have enough details and references so that it is possible for others to carry out future work or to replicate the work if/as required.

Any deliberate misrepresentation or fudging of data or information is unethical and must be avoided.

Originality of Work and Prevention of Plagiarism

It is the duty of the author(s) to ensure that the work is original and authentic. Proper citations must be given wherever someone else’s work/words are quoted.

Permission should be sought for the use of copyrighted material. A Plagiarism check is conducted for all submitted manuscripts. In case of issues of plagiarism and/or copyright infringement, Abhigyan reserves the right to reject the manuscript or take up the matter with the author’s institution and/or competent academic bodies.

Abhigyan reserves the right to withdraw the manuscript at a later stage as well if found any academic/publishing misconduct/malpractices/duplicate submission or publication/ data fabrication/data falsification.

Manuscripts submitted to Abhigyan should not be published or under review by any other journal, in part, or whole.

Multiple, Duplicate, Redundant or Concurrent Submission/Publication

Any act of publishing the same manuscript or the same research in multiple journals is unethical and unacceptable.

Any act of submitting the same manuscript or same research concurrently in multiple journals for publication consideration/peer review is considered as unethical behavior and is unacceptable. Any such act must be avoided by the author.

Acknowledgement

Proper acknowledgement is to be given to all contributors who have provided their help or support of any kind, even if they don't match the requirements for authorship.

Information received through private conversations, messages, or discussions with third parties is not to be used or reported without the source's written consent.

Confidentiality of Information

Confidential information (e.g. refereeing manuscripts or grant applications) provided by the authors must not be used without the explicit written permission of the author(s).

Authorship of the Paper

Only those who contributed significantly to the study should be listed as authors and co-authors.

Other professional contributions (technical assistance, editing, general support, etc) made by individuals should be recognized in the “acknowledgement section”.

The corresponding author is responsible for all communication with the journal for the publication process. The corresponding author must ensure that all details given in the manuscript have been approved by all co-authors before its submission for publication.

After the manuscript submission, no change in the order of the authors will be accepted except for extraordinary circumstances.

The Editors will only consider (at their discretion) any request pertaining to the addition, deletion, of the authors under extraordinary circumstances. . Any such addition, deletion, or rearrangement shall be subject to the approval of all authors with rationale justification.

Acknowledgement of the Funding Sources

In case the work is funded by any source, the same to be duly acknowledged in the paper.

Declaration of Conflicting Interest

It is the responsibility of all authors to disclose in the manuscripts any conflicting interest viz. financial or any other interest with potential to influence the evaluation and/or interpretation of the manuscript. All source of funding/any form of financial support for the project is imperative to be disclosed.

Hazards and Human or Animal Subjects

In case the study involves the use of hazardous materials (like chemicals etc.), procedure or equipment, the author(s) must clearly identify the same appropriately in the manuscript.

Notification of Fundamental Errors in Published Works

In case the author(s) discover any significant error in the published work, it is the duty of the author to promptly notify the error/inaccuracy to the Chief Editor/Associate Editor/Editorial Manager and cooperate with the editors to withdraw or correct the paper.

Ethical Responsibilities of Editors

Decision on Article publication

The Chief Editor / Associate Editors of Abhigyan are responsible for deciding which of the articles submitted to the journal will be published. The decision regarding publication of submitted articles will be based upon the recommendation of the reviewers of the paper. The decision favouring publication of papers to be taken after the completion of the peer review process and will be based upon the recommendation of the reviewers of the paper. In deciding the publication of articles the editors may be further guided by the legal requirements regarding libel, copyright infringement, and plagiarism if/as applicable.

The Editors will not have any authority to influence the reviewers in any way regarding recommendation for publication of articles.

Peer Review

Abhigyan follows a double-blind peer-review process. The Chief Editor has to ensure that the peer review process is completed in a timely manner and is done fairly without bias of any kind.

All manuscripts are initially screened by the editorial office to ensure suitability on technical grounds. The articles which don’t conform to the prescribed guidelines for submission are returned back to the author for correction and resubmit.

The articles which are otherwise correct on technical grounds enter the review process.

The Chief Editor assigns the papers to the associate editors. The associate editor conduct a desk review of the papers assigned to them and take a decision whether to qualify the paper to be sent to the reviewers for the peer review of the articles. The articles which are adjudged as not worth to send for peer review are desk rejected. The desk cleared articles are sent to two (or in some case more than two) expert reviewers for evaluation.

The reviewers are selected on the basis of the suitability of his/her expertise in the relevant field of research.

In case any of the reviewers disagrees to review the paper / fail to comply to the timeline for completing the review for whatsoever reasons, the associate editor(s) send the paper to the alternate reviewer.

The identity of both author and reviewer is concealed from each other throughout the evaluation process.

Due steps are taken to make editorial changes to the manuscript’s final draft to meet the journal’s requirements.

The editor/associate editor shall review all disclosures of potential conflicts of interest and suggestions for self-citation made by the reviewer to avoid any potential bias.

Fairness

Manuscripts are evaluated solely on their intellectual merit without regard to authors’ race, gender, sexual orientation, religious beliefs, ethnic origin, citizenship, or political philosophy or any other factor creating bias.

Confidentiality

The editors protects the confidentiality of all material submitted to the journal.

The editor cannot use any information or ideas obtained through peer-review or unpublished manuscripts for personal gain. The editor must protect the identity of the author and reviewer and should disclose only in case of extraordinary circumstances after due diligence.

Disclosures and Conflict of Interest

The editors must report to the publisher any potential conflict of interest due to a possible connection with the author, institutions or topic of research associated with the paper. Such declarations may be published in the journal by the publisher.

If the Chief Editor / Associate Editor submits any paper for publication consideration in the journal, s/he should ensure that s/he is not involved in the review process and no way connected to the publication decision of the paper of which s/he is the author.

Ethical Responsibilities of Reviewers

Contribution to Publication Decision

The reviewers facilitate editorial decisions of the Editors. Further, through constructive peer review, the reviewers help to improve the standard of the papers.

In case, a reviewer feels that the paper assigned to him/her for review is beyond his/her knowledge or competence, s/he needs to notify the same to the editor promptly to avoid the delay in the review process.

In case, a reviewer is constrained by other commitments and feels that s/he can’t complete the review in a timely manner s/he needs to notify the same to the editor promptly to avoid the delay in the review process.

Confidentiality

Manuscripts received for per review are confidential documents. They must not be shown to, or discussed with, others except as authorized by the Chief Editor.

Promptness

The reviewer needs to ensure that the review gets completed and submitted to the journal within the prescribed time limit (3-4 weeks for the 1st level review).

If the editor feels that he is constrained by other commitments and can’t complete the review in a timely manner s/he should notify the same to the Chief Editor/ Associate Editor with a request to excuse himself/herself from the peer review process.

Alertness to ethical issues and malpractice

If a reviewer identifies any potential issues or trace of malpractice (like substantial similarity of the paper with any other published paper or with any other paper he received from other journal for peer review) s/he needs to bring the same to the attention to the Chief Editor / Associate Editor immediately to facilitate necessary action in that regard.

If a review identifies that there are statements, observations, findings reported in the paper from other sources without appropriate citation, the reviewer needs to bring the same to the attention of the Chief Editor / Associate Editor.

Objectivity

Reviews should be objective in nature and free from any bias.

Reviewers should not be engaged in any personal criticism of the authors. Reviewers’ comments should aim at the improving the intellectual standard of the article and to be supported by appropriate arguments as applicable.

Conflict of interest

If any conflict of interest is visible due to the relationship of the reviewer(s) with the authors, institutions or topic of research, associated with the paper, the reviewer must report it to the editor and withdraw from reviewing the manuscript.

Ethical Responsibilities of Publishers

The publisher must provide technical and procedural support to the editors and ensure that ethical practices are followed in its publication.

The publisher must ensure that no content is dissipated without the proper permission of the editors. The publisher, along with the editors must identify and prevent any fraudulent publications or scientific misconduct.

The publisher is responsible for providing accessibility to the journal’s content and should maintain its own digital and print repository. The publisher should make sure that editorial choices are not influenced by the opportunity for advertising, reprints, or other commercial money.

For any discretion/dispute/conflict/complaint/discussion Chief Editor, Abhigyan should be the first point of contact.